|
Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D. (July 1, 1854–July 16, 1943), was an American historian, writer, and teacher. One of the first generation of professionally trained historians in the United States, a prolific author and editor of historical works, Albert Bushnell Hart became, as Samuel Eliot Morison described him, "The Grand Old Man" of American history, looking the part with his "patriarchal full beard and flowing moustaches." ==Biography== Hart was born in Clarksville (now Clark), Mercer County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Harvard University in 1880. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and a classmate and friend of future U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. He studied at Paris, Berlin and Freiburg, and received his doctorate from Freiburg in 1883. Harvard President Charles Eliot appointed Hart an instructor at in 1883 to teach the only course in American history that the college offered, despite the fact that Edward Channing, already an assistant in European history, wanted to teach the course himself.〔Carol F. Baird, "Albert Bushnell Hart: The Rise of the Professional Historian," in Paul Buck (ed.), ''Social Sciences at Harvard 1860-1920: From Inculcation to the Open Mind'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 132.〕 Hart served as instructor in history from 1883-87, assistant professor from 1887-97, and became a professor in 1897. In 1910 he was appointed Eaton Professor of the Science of Government. He was on the Harvard faculty for 43 years, retiring in 1926. In retirement he continued to write and edit from a room in Widener Library. He maintained a summer home in New Hampshire near Mount Monadnock.〔("Albert Bushnell Hart" ), ''New York Times'', June 18, 1943; accessed January 12, 2010.〕 Hart edited, along with Edward Channing, over the period from 1892 to 1895 a series of extracts from primary documents called the "American history leaflets; colonial and constitutional", which included titles such as "Extracts from the Sagas describing the voyages to Vinland", and "Documents illustrating the territorial development of the United States, 1584-1774". Hart was an editor of the ''Harvard Graduates' Magazine'' from 1894 to 1902. He served as president of the American Historical Association in 1909 and of the American Political Science Association in 1912. In 1914, he was appointed exchange professor at the University of Berlin. Hart authored ''Formation of the Union'' (1892), ''Salmon Portland Chase'' (1899), ''Essentials of American History'' (1905), ''Slavery and Abolition'' (1906), and many other books. He was editor of the "American Nation" series (28 volumes, 1903–18) and other series on American history, of many source books and guides for the study of American history, and, with Andrew C. McLaughlin, of the ''Cyclopedia of American Government'' (3 volumes, 1914). He was an editor of the ''American Historical Review'' for 14 years, and president of both the American Historical Association (AHA) and the American Political Science Association. Hart edited the ''American Year Book'' from 1911 to 1920 and from 1926 to 1932. He edited a five-volume history of Massachusetts in 1927-30 and worked as the official historian of the George Washington bicentennial commission from 1926 to 1932. In 1909, he played an important role in enabling his former student, W. E. B. Du Bois, to deliver his paper "Reconstruction and Its Benefits" to the AHA in New York. This essay was elaborated as the book ''Black Reconstruction in America'' in 1935 and proved to be a seminal work in moving historical discussion of the Reconstruction period away from the views of the Dunning School. He served as a trustee of Howard University. Though a believer in the racial inferiority of African Americans, he nevertheless opposed plans to deny black students places in the Freshman Halls at Harvard in the years following World War I.〔Marsha Graham Synnott, ''The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), 51.〕 Aside from being the advisor for Du Bois' doctoral dissertation, Hart was also the advisor (along with Edward Channing) for Carter G. Woodson's dissertation.〔(Pero Gaglo Dagbovie, ''Carter G. Woodson in Washington, D.C.: The Father of Black History'' (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2014), 39 ), accessed 17 Aug. 2015.〕 Hart was also the initial doctoral advisor for another African-American historian, Charles H. Wesley, and arranged for Wesley to receive the same Austin Scholar Graduate Fellowship that Du Bois had received thirty years earlier; and as a Howard University trustee, Hart used his influence to secure Wesley a leave of absence so he could complete his doctorate. However, since Hart was on academic leave that semester, Channing served as Wesley's dissertation advisor.〔(Francille Rusan Wilson, ''The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950'' (Charlottesvile, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2006), 166 ), accessed 17 Aug. 2015.〕 A proponent of U.S. participation in World War I, he was accused of espionage in December 1918, but the charges were determined to be the work of German propagandists trying to undermine his pro-British stance.〔''New York Times'': ("Albert B. Hart of Harvard Dies" ), July 17, 1943; accessed January 12, 2010.〕 In 1922, ''The Progressive Magazine'' referred to Hart as an Anglomaniac.〔("A. v. C. P. Huizinga, "That Pogrom Naturalization Bill," ''The Progressive Magazine'' (13 May 1922), 81 ), accessed 19 August 2015.〕 In the fall of 1915, he served on the Mooseheart Governing Board, and remained in that role through 1928. The 1928 edition of ''Seniors' Book'' is dedicated in his honor. A discussion arose in 1923 as to the "Americanism" of his history textbooks ''Epochs of American History'' and ''National Ideals Historically Traced''. An investigating committee suggested the removal of his ''School History of the United States'' from New York City schools.〔"What About Our History Textbooks? Pro-British Accusation Leads to Discussion and Investigation," ''Publisher's Weekly'' (1 July 1922), 16-17.〕 Hart married Mary Putnam in 1889, and they adopted twin boys in 1897.〔Carol F. Baird, "Albert Bushnell Hart: The Rise of the Professional Historian," in Paul Buck (ed.), ''Social Sciences at Harvard 1860-1920: From Inculcation to the Open Mind'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 133.〕 He died on July 16, 1943.〔("Albert B. Hart of Harvard Dies" ), ''New York Times'', July 17, 1943; accessed January 12, 2010; ("Albert Bushnell Hart" ), ''New York Times'', June 18, 1943; accessed January 12, 2010〕 Although Hart had agreed that all of his papers would go to Harvard after his death, his papers were sold by his sons through book dealers in Newburyport, and the college attempted to recover as many as possible.〔Carol F. Baird, "Albert Bushnell Hart: The Rise of the Professional Historian," in Paul Buck (ed.), ''Social Sciences at Harvard 1860-1920: From Inculcation to the Open Mind'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 293.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albert Bushnell Hart」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|